Background: Lead is a naturally occurring toxic metal found in the earth's crust. Its widespread use has resulted in extensive environmental contamination, human exposure, and significant public health problems in many parts of the world. Aim: This study aimed to assess the effect of prolonged occupational lead exposure and the outer eye abnormalities among workers of military industrial factory as well as to assess the knowledge and practice of the workers toward lead exposure and hazards of lead poisoning. Materials and Methods: This is a comparative cross-sectional study of 100 workers selected randomly from the lead factory, and their ages ranged from 21 to 67 years, with a mean age of 39.1 ± 10.3 years. They were divided into two groups according to their duration of work (duration of exposure) group of short duration (<10 years) and group of long duration (more than 10 years). Investigations included vision and visual acuity (VA) measurements using Snellen tumbling E-chart and refraction using retinoscopy, and a cover test was conducted to find if phoria or tropia existed, as well as examinations of the external eye, anterior segment, and media using torchlight with low-power magnifier. Results: The finding revealed that 8% of the workers of long duration had VA < 6/12 after best correction in place compared to 1% among workers of short duration, and this difference was statistically significant (P < 0.001). About 66% of the long duration group presented with symptoms of irritated eye (foreign body sensation and tearing, itching and burning sensation, and periodic redness) compared to 18% among the group of short duration with a significant association (P = 0.038). Almost 36% of the workers of long duration had an ocular sign of conjunctival discoloration (gray-bluish conjunctiva) compared to 10% among workers of short duration with a significant association (P = 0.004). Anterior segment examination revealed that the majority (83%) of the workers in the group of long duration had conjunctival disorders of (pterygium, 77%, and allergic conjunctivitis, 6%) compared only to 25% among the group of short duration (pterygium, 23%, and allergic conjunctivitis, 2%), which was significantly associated (P = 0.01). The media examination showed that 14% of the long duration workers had cataract, 2% had corneal opacity, and 2% were pseudophakic, whereas surprisingly, none of the workers in the group of short duration had any of those media abnormalities, which was statistically significant (P = 0.04). With regard to knowledge of the workers about the effect of the lead poison on the eye, only 30% of the respondents were knew that the lead poison had effect on ocular health; therefore, the most of them not use the protection tools. Conclusion: Lead poison has a great effect on vision and eye health of the workers, its lead to decrease of vision result in development amblyopia, it also has influence on ocular media and causes severe allergic reaction Thus, all the workers in this field should wear the protection tools provided in the factory, and there is a critical need for examining their ocular health annually.

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Background: Childhood blindness and visual impairment (VI) in poor nations is a public health concern. It has a serious effect on the education and social, the VI could lead to poverty, in spite of that most causes childhood VI could be treated when early diagnosed. Objective: This study aimed to recommend a management plan to prevent childhood VI for Quranic boarding schools in Al-Gazira state. Materials and Methods: The study focused first on direct action taken on cases of VI among the children. Second, the study created a management plan for childhood blindness and VI in Quranic boarding school children in Al-Gazira state of Sudan. The Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis is used to help in evaluate and reinforce this plan. Results: The finding depends on a study conducted in 2017 to detect the prevalence and causes of childhood blindness and VI in Quranic boarding school children in Al-Gazira state of Sudan, and the action has taken for children after full eye examinations and diagnosis. The main action took to prevent VI was a correction of refractive errors, which was 42%, followed by 18% of children referred to specialized hospitals to operation because of cataract, corneal opacity, and glaucoma for follow-up. The study recommended a management plan for this community, and it targeted the avoidable cause of childhood blindness in the Quranic schools. The management plan designed in four levels as follows: a pre-primary level, which depends on trained Quranic teachers, then primary level, this level designed for actions or interventions should be taken to prevent the onset of the disorders. The secondary level planned to combat the progression of visual disorders due to an existing disease or refractive errors, finally, tertiary level for complicated eye disorder and follow-up. Conclusion: Regular checkup and good primary, secondary, and tertiary eye care and personnel trained in primary eye care are important for the management of avoidable causes of blindness and VI in traditional Quranic boarding schools in Al-Gazira state of Sudan.

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Objectives: The objective was to study the effect of serum lipid control on diabetic retinopathy (DR) stages. Materials and Methods: Two hundred type 2 diabetic Saudi patients with or without using lipid-lowering-agents were included in this cross-sectional study (4 months: July–October 2015). All patients had standardized ophthalmological examination and fasting biochemical parameters of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and serum lipid levels, and were then subjected to “statistical analysis by SPSS software version 20. Results: Out of the 200 studied patients (mean age, 62.9 ± 9.43 years), 104 were male (n = 104; 52%) and 96 were female (n = 96; 48%). The mean duration of diabetes mellitus (DM) and concomitant hypertension (n = 107; 53.5%) was 16.3 and 10.3 years, respectively. A total of 106 (53%) patients had diabetic retinopathy (DR), with 66 males (33%) and 40 females (20%). Ninety-four patients had no signs of DR (no apparent DR [NDR]) (47%), with 19% of males and 28% of females. Mild nonproliferative DR (NPDR) was present in 15.5% of patients (male/female: 10%/5.5%); moderate NPDR was present in 22.5% of patients (male/female: 13.5%/9%); and severe NPDR was present in 8% of patients (male/female: 5%/3%). Proliferative DR (PDR) was present in 5% of patients (male/female: 13.5%/3%), advanced PDR was present in 2% of patients (male/female: 1%/1%), and diabetic macular edema (DME) was present in 9.5% of patients (male/female: 7%/2.5%). Total cholesterol (TC) (P = 1.292), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) (P = 1.319), and nonhigh-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) (P = 0.96) were found to have a statistically “nonsignificant” higher value in male DR patients. No correlation was observed between triglyceride (TG), HDL-C, and very LDL-C (VLDL-C) in different stages of DR and NDR patients, as they were exactly equal in both DR and NDR male groups. All DM females (DR + NDR) had equal values regarding TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, and VLDL-C in both female groups. TG and non-HDL-C were slightly higher in female DR groups than that in non-DR female groups (P = 0.071 and 0.072, respectively). However, TC and non-HDL-C were still higher in females than males by 4.3%. 116 (58%) “who were not using dyslipidemia medications” (NDLRx) and 84 (42%) “who were using dyslipidemia medications” (DLRx); their DM and HTN duration were 15.9 and 5 years, respectively. HbA1c and serum lipid parameters were also higher in in the NDLRx group than DLRx group. Conclusion: Dyslipidemia could be added to DR risk factors as the development of elevated serum lipids shows some association with DR ± DME formation. Serum lipid-lowering agents may help in reducing the occurrence of retinal findings and loss of vision in diabetic patients.

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Facial and ocular traumas are the most common cause of an accidental posterior Dislocation of the crystalline lens; regardless of its severity. Syndromic ectopia lentis, like in Marfan , Homocystinuria and Ehlers-Danlos syndromes can be presented in early childhood. To report a case of left long standing posterior dropped crystalline lens in a quite eye by minor wooden stick blunt trauma. A 55-years adult gentleman who is free from any congenital disorder; was presented with 6-months history of bilateral visual defects, where more in the left eye (OS) could be attributed to mild wooden stick blunt trauma. On examination; right eye (OS) bet corrected visional acuity (BCVA) was 6/12 OD and 3/60 OS. The OS was found to be aphakic due to quite posteriorly dropped crystalline lens.

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Introduction: The central corneal thickness (CCT) and anterior chamber depth (ACD) are important ocular parameters used in the assessment of risk factors relating to ocular morbidities. Determining the relationship between these parameters is fundamental to understanding and developing strategies to help the early diagnoses and management of some ocular conditions. The aim of this study was to determine the CCT and ACD of adults in a Nigerian population and also investigate the correlations between them in the study population. Materials and Methods: Sixty-six individuals consisting of 31 males and 35 females between 18 and 68 years participated in this study. The CCT and ACD were measured with ultrasound pachymetry and ultrasonography (PacScan 300, Sonomed International Corp., USA). Data were analyzed with Statgraphics Plus (Statistical Graphics Corp., USA) and SPSS version 22.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) software. Results: The mean age, CCT, and ACD were 37.2 ± 11.6 years, 536.71 ± 23.89 μm, and 3.30 ± 0.32 mm, respectively. The CCT and age showed a negative trend, not statistically significant (P = 0.12). Regression analysis performed on ACD and age showed an inverse correlation (P < 0.0001). There was no difference (P > 0.05) in mean CCT between males (536.7 ± 28.38 μm) and females (536.71 ± 19.50 μm). Similarly, there was no difference in mean ACD between males (3.36 ± 0.34 mm) and females (3.24 ± 0.3 mm) although not statistically significant (P = 1.48). Conclusion: There was no statistically significant correlation between CCT and ACD, and a prediction of approximately 0.10-mm decrease in ACD and approximately 4.0-μm decrease in CCT per decade was made.

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