Objectives: The present study undertaken to study the factors responsible for the development of lens-induced glaucomas (LIGs), factors, and various modes of presentation in LIGs. Methodology: A minimum of 50 cases of LIG were selected based on simple random sampling, who attended the Department of Narayana Medical College Hospital and were diagnosed with LIG. Based on the clinical findings, etiological diagnosis of LIG was made. Results: Out of the 50 cases, 34 cases (68%) were diagnosed as phacomorphic glaucoma, 12 cases (24%) were of phacolytic glaucoma, two each (4%) were lens-particle glaucoma and glaucoma secondary to subluxation/dislocation of lens. Conclusion: There was no influence of sex, religion, or occupation on the incidence or occurrence of LIGs. Majority of the patients had good vision in the other eye as a result of which they neglected the affected eye till they developed LIG leading to pain during the time of presentation. Hence, it is important to advice the patients regarding the early surgical treatment of cataract before they develop complications.

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The aim of this study is to report a case of pleomorphic adenoma of palpebral part of lacrimal gland. A 38-year-old female was admitted with the complaints of swelling in the left upper eyelid which was gradual in onset and progressive in nature for 4 years. A firm nodular mass was seen protruding from left superior temporal region of orbit causing mild ptosis. Blood examination showed raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Ultrasound was typically hypoechoic well-capsulated mass. Under general anesthesia, the tumor was totally excised with anterolateral orbitotomy. Histopathological examination revealed a pleomorphic adenoma of the lacrimal gland with no evidence of malignancy. Postoperatively, mild ptosis was present and the patient was advised to use lubricating eye drops. Follow-up showed no recurrence. Pleomorphic adenoma (benign mixed tumor) of the lacrimal gland accounts for approximately 12–25% of all lacrimal tumors. Among these, 90% are orbital and only 10% are palpebral part of lacrimal gland tumor. It should be excised completely with a margin of normal tissue as incomplete resection may lead to recurrence. Incisional biopsy is believed to increase the risk of recurrence due to disruption of the pseudocapsule and tumor spillage.

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Background: Dry eye disease (DED) is the most common multifactorial annoying ocular surface disorder, of various ocular symptoms, ranging from eye discomfort, dryness, itching, irritation, and foreign body sensation up to noticeable visual disturbance. Eventually ends with reducing quality of life. Optical refractive quality might deteriorate in these DED individuals, especially in hot-dry-windy climates like in Sudan. Aim: This study aims to determine the influence of spherical refractive errors (REs) on the tear volume and DED. Materials and Methods: In a comparative cross-sectional hospital-based study 90 (n = 90) participants were included; all were free from any ocular or systemic diseases and not using contact lenses. They were of equal numbers of hypermetropes and myopes of mixed gender; males and females, with their ages range between (18-28) years. The mean ages in both groups of RE states were 21.97 ± 2.35 and 22.55 ± 3.29 hypermetropes and myopes, respectively. The study was performed at Makkah Eye complex (MEC), Khartoum, Sudan, from May to July 2015; where the participants were recruited from the general refraction clinics at MEC. All individuals were subjected to the full eye examination. The Schirmer's test was used for all the participants. SPSS statistical analysis program was used to analyze the data. Results: Dry eye was found in 26.6% on hypermetropic patients and 1.1% myopic patients. In this study, the spherical REs showed a significant difference between males (16.6%) and females (12%) P = 0.001. Conclusion: REs may be considered to be one of the risk factors to cause dry eye condition. Correcting RE may reduce the risk factor of dry eye, and that may reduce its prevalence.

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Background: The axial length is one of the essential ocular biometric parameters which is to be done prior to any cataract surgery based on ultrasound. These ocular axial length (OAL) values can be influenced by sex, age, race, ethnicity, genetics, and refractive errors. Objectives: The aim of this study is to determine the normal ranges values of OAL in adult Sudanese population and to define the effects of age, gender, and tribal ethnicity on axial length. Materials and Methods: This is descriptive multi-center hospital-based study, carried out over a period of 6 months from January 2015 to June 2015. The study takes place in five study areas: Three in Khartoum and two in Omdorman. These centers are Khartoum Eye Hospital, Makkah Eye Complex, Alwalidain Eye Hospital, and Omdurman Military Hospital and Sudan Eye Center. The study population was recruited from patients presenting to the mentioned five Hospitals Biometric Departments or volunteers who accepted to be enrolled in the study. One thousand Sudanese adults participants (n = 1000), 507 female and 493 male, with ages ranging from 18 to 105 years were included. Patients with vitreoretinal diseases, intraocular surgery, recent trauma and staphyloma were excluded. All participants underwent systematic OAL measurements by A-scan ultrasonography. Effect of age, gender, and tribal ethnicity on OAL was analyzed. Results: The study showed that the average axial length was 23.09 mm ranging from 18.13 mm to 29.09 mm. It was longer in males (average 23.29), ranging from 20.31 mm to 28.48 mm and shorter in females (average 22.81), ranging from 18.31 mm to 29.09 mm. In the four main Sudanese tribes, the Nubian group had the longest axial length (23.23 mm), followed by the African group (23.15 mm), and then the Arab group (23.09 mm). Bejja group had the shortest axial length (22.85 mm). Conclusion: OAL in Sudanese adults was within the international standard but with a wider range (18.13–29.09 mm). Males' OAL was longer than the OAL of females. No significant age OAL variations, but the tribal ethnicity factor was clear, so tribal ethnicity had a major influence on Sudanese OAL.

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Fungal keratitis is a very serious and potentially sight-threatening corneal infection that most commonly develops in patients after trauma or in those with a compromised corneal surface. Although it is relatively rare but due the extensive use of topical antibiotics and Steroids there have been a noticeable increase in fungal keratitis.

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