Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a commonly used imaging modality in the evaluation of glaucomatous damage. Spectral-domain OCT allows for unprecedented simultaneous ultrahigh-speed, ultrahigh-resolution ophthalmic imaging. The higher resolution, currently at 5–7 μm commercially, can provide images of subtle abnormalities or progression currently not visible with time-domain-OCT and would potentially allow improved segmentation and greater accuracy in measurements of retinal layers. A review of the evidence to date suggests that the retinal nerve fiber layer remains the dominant parameter for early diagnosis of glaucoma and the detection of its progression.

Background: Asteroid hyalosis (AH) is a common degenerative process in which tiny calcium-pyrophosphate globules collect within the vitreous gel. The etiology of AH is not clearly understood, but it is associated with some systemic diseases. The correlation between AH and diabetes mellitus (DM) remains controversial. Objectives: The main objectives of this study were to determine the frequency of AH in adult diabetic patients and to find its correlation to type and severity of diabetic retinopathy, age, and sex. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 380 adult diabetic patients, history and clinical ocular examination were done for all patients, and AH was diagnosed clinically by the presence of cream-white spherical bodies within the vitreous. B-scan ultrasonography was done for grading of AH. Results: AH was found in 97 (25%) adult diabetic patients. It was unilateral in 80.4%. Its presence increased significantly with increasing age; 64% were >60 years old (P = 0.001). It is significantly increased in male patients with a ratio of 1.8:1. It was a severe and obscured fundus view in 6.2%. All patients had type II DM except 2 (2.1%) had type I. One hundred and sixteen eyes with AH were examined and 44.8% of them had proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR: high-risk DR). There is a statistical correlation between AH and hypertension (HTN) (P = 0.006) and hypercholesterolemia (P = 0.001). Conclusion: AH was found in 25% of diabetic patients which is higher than in normal population. There were significant correlations with age, male gender, high-risk DR, HTN, and hypercholesterolemia.

Context: Success rate after keratoplasty is dependent on recipients' anterior segment status and donors' corneal parameters. Aims: The aim of this study is to investigate indications and visual outcome. Settings and Design: Prospective interventional. Patients and Methods: The present study recruited 30 eyes and donor cornea graded by slit -lamp microscope. Patients followed up at 3, 6, 12, and 18 months for visual acuity (VA) and graft survival. Quality of life (QOL) was evaluated by the Visual Analog Scale. Primary outcome measures were VA and graft clarity and secondary outcome was QOL. Statistical significance considered at or <0.05 for P value. Statistical Analysis: SPSS software version 20. Results: Mean age of 55.5 (±17.06 standard deviation) years ranging from 17 to 86 was enrolled. Optical keratoplasty executed in 23 (76.66%) and therapeutic in 7 (23.33%) eyes. Pseudophakic bullous keratopathy (PBK) was diagnosed in 33.33%, recalcitrant corneal ulcer in 23.33%, corneal opacities in 20%, and previous graft failures in 20%. Grade A corneas transplanted in 93.2% of eyes. Phi and Cramer's V test showed 0.404 each between variables for vascularization and graft survival. Wilcoxon test for QOL showed P and Z values of 0.001 and − 3.247. Conclusions: PBK was the most common indication with satisfactory vision as well for recalcitrant corneal ulcers with statistical significant QOL. Vascularisation was the high risk factor for graft failure. PBK and keratoconus showed 100% survival rates at 12 and 18 months. At 18 months, graft survival rate was 60% and 93%, respectively, in patients with and without vascularization.

Background: Poor patient compliances toward diabetic retinopathy (DR)-related care are associated with the barriers at a personal, interpersonal, societal, organizational, or a policy level. The personal factors contributing to noncompliance are linked with their negative attitude toward the disease management. Materials and Methods: It is a cross-sectional, questionnaire-based, prospective study. The study involved 232 participants from different provinces in Oman and with different socioeconomic and educational levels through a convenient sampling method. Participants' attitude toward DR was assessed using the responses for the provided statement related to the condition through a self-designed and validated questionnaire. Statistical Analysis Used: The Shapiro–Wilk normality test was applied and observed the nonnormal distribution of the attitude scores. Hence, the nonparametric Mann–Whitney U test was applied to compare the percentage score with the independent groups of the study. Practicing pattern of the participants having a personal or family history of diabetes mellitus was evaluated using descriptive statistics. Results: Two hundred and thirty-two participants having mean age of 31.12 (standard deviation [SD] = 12.02) years responded to the questionnaire, of which 39.22% were male and 60.78% were female. The mean percentage attitude score was 83.09 (SD = 12.90, 24.44–100). About 82% of the study participants had a very positive attitude. Very few (12.73%) were noncompliant toward routine ocular examination. 82% of the study participants had a positive attitude and 87.27% were positively following eye care visits. Conclusions: Majority of the study participants have positive attitude toward the management of DR and practice for follow-up eye care visits as recommended by their eye care practitioners. DR-related health promotional activities within the population having lower educational status can support in improving their compliance.

Background: Hemodialysis (HD) is common for Severe Renal dysfunction patients. Hemodialysis (HD) that may lead to change in intraocular pressure (IOP). Objectives: The objective is to evaluate the effects of hemodialysis on IOP in patients with chronic kidney disease. Materials and Methods: In a cross-sectional prospective hospital-based study, 100 adult Sudanese patients who were undergoing HD at Ahmed Gassim dialysis Center; August–November 2016. Portable Perkins Applanation Tonometry was done for all at two time points; pre- and post-HD. Data analysis with SPSS. Results: Two percent of age group ≤18 years, 21% - 19–35 years, 38% - 36–50 years, 39% - >50 years. Duration of HD: <2–15 year. Seventy-six percent reported 1–2 mmHg differences in pre- and post-HD' IOPs, in 80% females and 73% males. 100% change in IOP resulted in ≤18 years, 71% in 19–35 years, 64% in 36–50 years, 88% in >50 years of age group. The commencement of HD was significantly related to the change of IOP. Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and polycystic kidney disease had no significant differences. Conclusion: Although there is no previous real agreement about the effect of HD on the increase of IOP; so, this study demonstrates a statistically significant increase in IOP during HD.

This study pertains to a case of central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) and complete unilateral blindness after intralesional injection of a sclerosing agent into orbital venous malformation (VM) presenting as orbital cellulitis. A 20-year-old female underwent a direct injection of 6 mg of bleomycin with a 23G needle into an orbital VM infiltrating the retrobulbar area and compressing the optic nerve. She was discharged without any complication after 24 h but reported back after 15 days with complete loss of vision in the right eye. Her visual acuity in the right eye was reduced only to perception of light. Fundoscopy of the right eye revealed signs of CRAO. Magnetic resonance imaging of the orbit showed a decrease in the size and enhancement of orbital VM. After 2 weeks, her visual acuity remained up to light perception. Permanent visual loss should be kept in mind as a disastrous complication of sclerosing therapy in a patient with orbital and paraorbital VM encroaching the retrobulbar area. In addition, orbital venolymphatic malformations may present as orbital cellulitis.